[Home, My eBay, Site Map, Sign In/Out] [eBay logo] [Main Navigation] [Browse Sub-Navigation] Augustus Denarius - Capricorn w. Globe Item #402876427 Coins & Stamps:Coins: World:Ancient:Roman: Imperial [Image] Bidding is closed for this item. [Image] [Show description]Currently $51.00 First bid $50.00 Quantity 1 # of bids 2 bid history | [Leave feedback] with emails (to seller) Time left Auction has Location Danbury, CT (to bidder) ended. Country/Region USA/Hartford If you are the Started Aug-06-00 [envelope] mail this auction to a seller or the 17:13:06 PDT friend high bidder - Aug-13-00 [Gift Alert] request a gift now what? Ends 17:13:06 PDT alert [Image] Seller (Rating) joviel@aol.com (75) [star] [about me] view comments in seller's Feedback Profile | view seller's other auctions | ask seller a question [Image] High bid fawkesfire@earthlink.net (52) [star] Payment See item description for payment methods accepted Shipping Will ship to United States only, See item description for shipping charges [Image] Relist Seller: Didn't sell your item the first time? item eBay will refund your relisting fee if it sells the second time around. Relist this item. Seller assumes all responsibility for listing this item. You should contact the seller to resolve any questions before bidding. Auction currency is U.S. dollars ($) unless otherwise noted. Description [Image] Augustus 27 B.C. - 14 A.D. AR Denarius - 16mm obverse - Bare head right reverse - AVGVSTVS - Capricorn w. globe, rudder and cornucopia Van Meter 49 (value band 3) - Vagi 282 ($100 - $150 in fine condition) - Sear 477 ($325 in EF condition) Van Meter says of this coin; "The capricorn was Augustus' birth sign. This design, with its religious and magical overtones, alludes to Augustus' intervening with the heavens (globe) to steer (rudder) Rome's destiny towards prosperity. Perhaps nothing better summerizes and interprets the meaning of the title of 'Augustus' than this very coin". Regular postage is included in your bid - insured postage $1.50 10 day return for any reason - Paypal, Money Orders, Personal Checks (must clear) AVGVSTVS was born to Gaius Octavius and Atia at Velitrae (Velletri, Italy) on September 23, 63 BC. He was named Gaius Octavius after his father and therefore in his younger years he is referred to as Octavian (he was voted the name of 'Augustus' in 27 BC). He had a sister, Octavia, who was to figure prominently in Roman history. His father was a knight who served as a Praetor in 61 BC but died in 59 BC when Octavian was only four years old. Since his maternal grandmother, Julia, was the sister of Julius Caesar, Caesar took an interest in his young fatherless grand-nephew. The first public event noted for Augustus was his delivery of the funeral oration for his grandmother Julia in 51 BC. In 47 BC Caesar had him elected 'pontifex' (priest of the Roman state religion), and Octavian accompanied him to Spain in 45 BC for his campaign against the sons of Pompey the Great, Gnaeus and Sextus. It was there on September 13, 45 BC that Caesar drew up his last will and testament, which adopted Octavian and bequeathed to him Caesar's name and most of his fortune, although Octavian was ignorant of the terms until Caesar's death. Before the end of 45 BC Octavian and a couple of his friends, including Marcus Agrippa (see AGRIPPA), were sent to Apollonia in Epirus (Pojani, Albania) for tutoring by the Greek rhetorician Apollodorus of Pergamum. While there Octavian also trained with the nearby legions which Caesar had ordered to assemble there for a proposed campaign against the Parthians, which was prevented by Caesar's assassination in Rome on the Ides of March (March 15) in 44 BC. The death of Caesar ushered in a short period of calm, when the republic seemed on the verge of re-establishment. Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony) presided over a session of the Senate on March 17 which gave all of Caesar's acts the force of law and granted him a state funeral, yet pardoned his assassins. On March 20 the funeral was held and the assassins departed for the provincial governorships which had been granted them. Antony took possession of Caesar's money and papers and prepared to depart for Macedonia, his assigned province. However he became dissatisfied that Brutus had been given Cisalpine Gaul, a very powerful province, and he demanded that Brutus trade him. At that point Octavian finally arrived in Rome near the end of April after hearing that he had been designated as Caesar's son and main heir, and he adopted the name of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus. Antony refused to turn over Caesar's funds and refused to give an adequate explanation for why the assassins went unpunished, thus ensuring Octavian's undying enmity. Octavian set about gaining the goodwill of the people by giving games, and borrowed the money to raise a legion. Antony left Rome to confront Brutus, and besieged him at Mutina (Modena, Italy). Antony's most bitter senatorial enemy, Cicero, persuaded the senate to declare Antony a public enemy and to send aid to Brutus. An army under the command of the two consuls for 43 BC, Hirtius and Pansa, and Octavian's legion were sent. In April of 43 BC the combined forces of the Republic, Octavian, and Brutus forced Antony to abandon the siege and retreat across the Alps into southern Gaul. Both consuls were killed in the battle at Mutina, and Octavian's troops clamored for his appointment as consul, although he was only nineteen years old! Unfortunately the Senate refused to reward Octavian or his troops. He then marched on Rome (by now he had command of eight legions) and had himself elected consul for the remainder of 43 BC. Angry with the Senate and looking for allies, he had Antony's condemnation revoked and had Caesar's assassins marked for trial. Finally in November of 43 BC he met at Bononia (Bologna, Italy) with Antony and Lepidus (Caesar's close colleague and consul with him in 46 BC), who had allied on May 29, 43 BC. There a further alliance was worked out and the Second Triumvirate (the first having been Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey the Great) was formed on November 27, 43 BC. The first act of the Second Triumvirate was to publish a proscription list in early December of 43 BC which included over 120 senators and nearly 2,000 knights. Ostensibly the proscription was to avenge Caesar, but in reality the property of the proscribed men was confiscated according to tradition and used to pay the large army of the Triumvirs. Caesar was deified and thus Octavian was able to style himself as 'Divi Filius' (son of a god). In 42 BC the Triumvirs invaded Greece and caught up with Cassius and Brutus at Philippi in Macedonia. After Cassius committed suicide (mistakenly thinking that all was lost) in a first battle in early October, Brutus in desperation attacked the Triumvirs on October 23, and committed suicide when his attack failed. The Triumvirs now ruled the Roman world. They split the Roman world among themselves, with Antony getting the lion's share. He took the east and Gaul, Octavian claimed Italy and Spain, and Lepidus was left only with Africa. Octavian returned to Italy and began the task of resettling over 100,000 veterans of the Civil War, which he could only do by confiscating property. Additionally Sextus Pompey from his base in Sicily was cutting off African food supplies to Rome. Antony's wife Fulvia and Antony's youngest brother, Lucius Antonius (consul in 41 BC), added to Octavian's trouble by constantly stirring resentment, and Octavian finally attacked them at Perusia (Perugia, Italy). The town surrendered after a siege, and although Octavian pardoned Antony's relatives, he plundered and burned the town, as well as slaughtering the entire town council, gaining a reputation for ferocity and only adding to his unpopularity. He tried to solve his problem with Sextus Pompey in 40 BC by divorcing Clodia, Fulvia's daughter, and marrying Scribonia, the aunt of either Pompey or his wife. Scribonia bore Octavian's only child, a daughter named Julia, in 39 BC. Unfortunately for Octavian, Pompey ignored the marriage and instead struck an alliance with Antony, who was returning to Italy to recruit soldiers for a war against the Parthians. Octavian closed Italy to Antony, and war was only averted when the veteran legions refused to fight each other, and a conference at Brundisium (Brindisi, Italy) was arranged in October of 40 BC. The resulting Pact of Brundisium enlarged Octavian's territory, giving him the entire west as well as Illyricum, confirmed Lepidus' hold on Africa, and Antony's control of the east. Pompey emerged empty-handed. The pact was sealed between Antony and Octavian by Antony marrying Octavian's sister Octavia in 39 BC. Octavian bolstered his own standing with the aristocracy by divorcing Scribonia in 39 BC (on the day which she delivered Octavian's only child, Julia) in order to marry in the next year Livia Drusilla (see LIVIA), who was six months pregnant by her husband Tiberius Claudius Nero. In 39 BC Antony, Octavian, and Sextus Pompey met near Misenum (Miseno, Italy) and made concessions to Pompey which brought a brief release for Italy from raids and famine. However, in 38 BC Octavian again began to attack Pompey, gaining Sardinia but being decisively defeated in an attempt to take Pompey's base in Sicily. Also in 38 Octavian began to use the title of 'Imperator' (an army commander) as his first name, or praenomen. In 37 BC Octavian commanded his boyhood friend Agrippa to construct a new fleet, and summoned Antony from the east, where he had made great progress against the Pathians. Antony and Octavian met at Tarentum (Taranto, Italy) in 37 BC to renew the Second Triumvirate (it had originally been intended to last for five years) and to discuss Pompey. Antony agreed to provide 120 ships for the war against Pompey, and Octavian promised to provide 20,000 troops for Antony's eastern wars (which he never did). Accordingly in 36 BC Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian launched a coordinated assault on Pompey's stronghold in Sicily. Forces of Octavian and Lepidus quickly overran the island, and Agrippa scored a complete victory on September 3 over Pompey's fleet near Naulochus in Sicily, a battle from which only seventeen of Pompey's ships escaped. Pompey fled but was later captured and executed. Lepidus insisted upon receiving the official surrender of Sicily himself, and when Octavian objected, Lepidus simply ordered him off the island. Octavian boldly walked into the camp of Lepidus and persuaded his legions to desert. Although he allowed Lepidus to maintain his title of 'Pontifex Maximus' (Chief Priest), he stripped him of his status as a Triumvir and banished him to Circeii (Circeo, Italy). Lepidus died in 13 BC without causing any further trouble. Antony and Octavian then returned to their duties in the east and west, respectively. Antony launched a campaign against the Parthians without success. Octavian campaigned from 35 BC until 33 BC in Illyricum and Dalmatia, and succeeded in making the northern reaches of Italy safer from barbarian incursions than ever before. He then began a campaign to beautify and aggrandize the city of Rome, building numerous public buildings and works such as aquaducts. Much of that work was entrusted to his friend Agrippa, who served as consul in 37 BC and aedile in 33 BC. Octavian's unbridled ambition then caused him to begin a propaganda war against Antony, characterizing Antony as immoral (for his affair with Cleopatra VII, Queen of Egypt) and given over to foreign ways. Antony was giving Octavian plenty of ammunition, because he had left his wife Octavia behind when he returned to the east in 37 BC, and had ordered her not to proceed past Athens when she tried to join him in 35 BC. His affair with Cleopatra had resulted in three children (Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene, twins born in 40 BC, and Ptolemy Philadelphus in 36 BC), and in 34 BC by the so-called 'Donations of Alexandria' he declared his intention to divide his lands among Cleopatra's children, including Caesarion (Ptolemy XV), whom he declared to be Caesar's acknowledged son (a slap at Octavian's claim as 'Divi Filius"). The 'cold war' intensified throughout 33 BC when Octavian served as consul for the second time, and Antony finally divorced Octavia in 32 BC. Octavian extorted Antony's will from the Vestal Virgins and publicized its contents, which indeed gave Roman lands to Cleopatra's children, and even requested that Antony be buried in Alexandria. Octavian denounced Antony, and Antony's supporters, including the two consuls and 300 senators, left for the east. Most of 32 BC was spent in war preparations on both sides, and Antony finally declared war on Cleopatra (and thus directly on Antony) in late 32 BC. Octavian became consul for the third time in 31 BC (he thereafter served continuously until July 1, 23 BC). In early 31 BC Octavian and Agrippa sailed for the east, where Antony had been assembling troops at Ephesus (Selcuk, Turkey). In late 32 BC or early 31 BC Antony moved to Actium (Akra Nikolaos, Greece) where the inevitable clash occurred in a sea battle on September 2, 31 BC. Octavian scored a complete victory, but Antony and Cleopatra escaped back to Alexandria, with about a fourth of their ships. Octavian didn't follow until the summer of the following year, entering Alexandria on August 3, 30 BC. Antony first and then Cleopatra committed suicide, but Octavian permitted Cleopatra's children to live with the exception of Caesarion, whom he executed. Octavian then stood alone and unchallenged as the sole ruler of the Roman world, in command of sixty legions. He added Egypt to the Roman domains as a special kind of province, under his control through a praefect (it maintained an independent coinage until the year 297 AD). Octavian made few other changes in the east, preferring to maintain the peaceful status quo. He returned to Rome in mid-29 BC and staged three triumphs on successive days, celebrating his victories in Illyricum, at Actium, and in Egypt. He then closed the doors of the Temple of Janus, a traditional sign of peace, the first time they had been closed since the end of the First Punic War in 241 BC. He began the demobilization of his army, reducing from sixty to twenty-eight legions, and using the wealth of the Ptolemies to pay them off. He distributed the remaining twenty-eight legions throughout the provinces, keeping none in Italy. The atmosphere was one of vast relief after nearly a hundred years of domestic violence, beginning with the time of the Gracchi. In 28 BC Octavian was co-consul with Agrippa, Agrippa's second consulship, and together they had a census conducted and pruned the membership of the Senate from 1,000 to 800 men. 27 BC saw another joint consulship of Agrippa and Octavian, and a most startling re-organization of the government. Octavian had formerly essentially ruled simply as the winner of the civil wars, but on January 13, 27 BC he appeared before the Senate and offered to surrender his powers to the Senate and the Roman people. The Senate decided that he, as the single most powerful man in the Republic, should accept proconsular power for ten years over the provinces which had the most precarious military situations, namely Gaul, Spain, and Syria (those provinces accordingly were where the most legions were stationed). The Senate assumed nominal control over the rest, although Octavian through his 'auctoritas' (influence and moral authority) still maintained some degree of control. On January 16 the grateful Senate met and voted Octavian many honors, including laurel wreaths publicly placed above the doorposts of his home, a golden shield inscribed with his virtues to be hung in the Senate-house, and the title of Augustus, which was a title of exaltation applied to both men and gods. His use of the title 'Imperator', which he had first assumed in 38 BC, was also made official. The conference of the title 'Augustus', January 16, 27 BC, has been commonly adopted as the delineation between the Roman Republican period and the Roman Imperial period. Henceforth Octavian is commonly referred to as Augustus, the name which appears on all of his coinage from that time forward. Augustus referred to himself as the "princeps", or 'first man among equals', and that gave rise to the name by which the Imperial system was known, the Principate, until the approximate time of Diocletian when it became known as the Dominate, from "dominus" (lord and master). Augustus re-opened the doors of the Temple of Janus and left Rome for Spain soon after the events of January, 27 BC, and began the task of subjugating the Cantabrians and Asturians, who lived in the mountainous northwestern part of Spain. Even though the Romans had occupied Spain for 200 years, they had never conquered the Cantrabrians and Asturians, who constantly raided the Roman parts of Spain. Augustus himself conducted the campaign in 26 BC, although his always frail constitution forced him to yield control to his lieutenants Antistius and Carisius for the campaign of 25 BC. The campaigns were tough and not always successful, but the job was completed, and Augustus returned to Rome in 24 BC. His health was in such a bad state that in 23 BC he gave his signet ring to Agrippa, thus establishing a successor. Augustus didn't feel that his son-in-law of two years, Gaius Claudius Marcellus, was ready yet, although that was whom he eventually wished to succeed him. Augustus served as consul again in 23 BC, his eleventh time, but because of his health and in order to allow others a chance of advancement, he resigned on July 1 and he did not serve again until 5 BC. The significant event of 23 BC was the assumption of 'tribunicia potestas' (tribunicial power) by Augustus. Among other things that meant he had veto power, could summon and present legislation to both the Senate and the Tribal Assembly, and presided at the election of magistrates. In short his power was personally increased to the point where many date the foundation of the Empire from 23 BC, and indeed Augustus himself dated future public documents from that year. Due to his continued ill health, he had the Senate grant Agrippa proconsular powers, and dispatched him to the east to deal with the Parthians. When his son-in-law Marcellus died in late 23 BC at the age of twenty, Augustus desired to make Agrippa his permanent candidate for successor, and had him divorce his second wife Marcella (Augustus' niece whom he had married in 28 BC), and marry Augustus' only child Julia (the widow of Marcellus) in 21 BC. They had three sons, Gaius Julius Caesar (born 20 BC), Lucius Julius Caesar (born 17 BC), and Agrippa Postumus, was born after Agrippa's death in 12 BC. They had two daughters, Julia (born about 19 BC) and Vipsania Agrippina (born about 14 BC - see AGRIPPINA SR.). Augustus did not stand for election as consul in 22 BC, and serious disturbances followed when the food supply began to wane. Augustus stepped in to ensure the food supply, and soon afterward he left Rome and went to Sicily, Greece, Samos, and Asia. He arrived back at Rome in 19 BC, the tour having kept him out of Rome for all of the years 21 BC and 20 BC. In that time there had been disturbances over the consular elections, and that was the primary reason Agrippa was recalled from the east in 21, although the timing fit well with Augustus' desire to make him his logical successor through marriage with Julia. During Augustus' presence in Asia a treaty with the Parthian ruler Phraates IV resulted in the Roman annexation of Armenia, the recognition of the Euphrates as Parthia's western border, and the return to Augustus of the standards captured when the Parthian general Surena destroyed the army of Crassus at Carrhae (Harran, Turkey) in 53 BC. Although the treaty was concluded through peaceful negotiations, Augustus received an ovation and a triumphal arch when he returned to Rome. In 19 BC Augustus accepted honorary consular power for life, although two elected consuls continued to serve on an annual basis. He also accepted an office with censorial powers to deal with morals, which resulted in 18 BC in the two "Julian Laws" which prohibited adultery and encouraged childbirth by awarding special privileges or applying special penalties. Also in 18 BC Augustus had his proconsular power renewed for five years (it had originally been granted for ten by the Settlement of 27 BC). Augustus arranged for Agrippa to receive the tribunician power and to have his proconsular power renewed for another five years. Although legally Agrippa thus became a virtual co-ruler with Augustus, in fact he was clearly in the second position due to the "auctoritas" of Augustus. The Senate membership was further reduced in 18 BC from 800 to 600 men. In 17 BC Augustus held the Secular Games ('Ludi Saeculares'), an event which occurred only eight times in Roman history (beginning in 249 BC and ending in 204 AD) and signified to the Romans the beginning of a new age. Augustus had established himself as the 'princeps' (ending nearly 100 years of civil wars), established peace in both the east and the west, secured the succession through the marriage of his daughter Julia to Agrippa, and had even settled the succession unto the second generation by the adoption of his two grandsons, Gaius and Lucius, in 17 BC. It's easy to understand why the games were celebrated for ten days instead of the usual three. In 16 BC Augustus left Rome for Gaul, where he spent nearly three years organizing the province, not returning to Rome until 13 BC, when he had his proconsular powers extended another five years. The only cloud on the succession was the presence of Livia's two sons by her first marriage (hence Augustus' stepsons), Tiberius Claudius Nero (see TIBERIUS - born in 42 BC) and Nero Claudius Drusus (q.v. - born in 38 BC). Both were old enough to be given military assignments, and indeed in 16 BC they were charged with maintaining peace along the Rhenus (Rhine) River. They both performed admirable military service although Augustus favored Nero Claudius Drusus, who died in 9 BC as a result of an accidental throw from a horse. After Lepidus died in 13 BC, Augustus assumed the vacant post of 'Pontifex Maximus' on March 6, 12 BC. Agrippa's health had rapidly failed after a rigorous winter (13 BC/12 BC) campaign in Pannonia, and he died in late March of 12 BC, upsetting Augustus' plan for the succession. Augustus responded by adding yet another layer of succession, compelling Tiberius to divorce his wife Vipsania Agrippina (not the daughter of Julia and Agrippa) and marry the young Julia (who at the age of 27 was already the mother of five children and twice widowed). The marriage was not a happy one and Julia's later affairs caused Augustus in 2 BC to banish his own daughter to the island of Pandataria (Ventotene, Italy), although she later moved to Rhegium (Reggio di Calabria, Italy). Tiberius essentially starved her to death shortly after becoming Augustus in 14 AD. Tiberius became so indignant about Augustus' favoritism toward Gaius and Lucius Caesars that even though he was granted the tribunicial power in 6 BC for a five-year term, he retired to the island of Rhodes and did not return to public life for ten years. Augustus accepted the consulship for the twelfth time in 5 BC so he could introduce Gaius Julius Caesar to public life with the ceremonial assumption of the 'toga virilis', and he named him the "Prince of Youth". He did the same for Lucius Julius Caesar in 2 BC when he accepted the consulship for the thirteenth and last time. Augustus had his proconsular powers renewed for a further ten years in 8 BC, and he re-organized Rome into 14 regions, with each region further sub-divided into precincts ("vici"). The month 'Sextilis' was renamed August in his honor. Jesus Christ was born in Judaea during Augustus' reign (about 4 BC), an event certainly not noted at the time, but which began to impact the Empire as early as the mid-first century AD, and completely overturned the existing pagan social order by the beginning of the fourth century AD. Augustus was voted the honorary title "Pater Patriae" (Father of the Country) on February 5, 2 BC. Tiberius' return to public life was prompted by the deaths of his rivals, Gaius and Lucius. Lucius Julius Caesar had died on August 20, 2 AD at Massalia (Marseille, France) on his way to Spain. His older brother Gaius Julius Caesar died on February 21, 4 AD in Lycia in Asia Minor of wounds received eighteen months earlier in action against the Parthians. Augustus had thus outlived his intended heirs Marcellus, Agrippa, both of his second generation heirs (Gaius and Lucius), and his favorite stepson, Nero Claudius Drusus. He had reluctantly recalled Tiberius in 2 AD and in 4 AD he gave him a ten-year tribunicial power as well as command of the Rhine region. More importantly, in 4 AD he adopted him along with the last surviving son of Agrippa and Julia, the sixteen-year-old Agrippa Postumus, who was renamed Agrippa Julius Caesar. Augustus removed Agrippa Julius Caesar from the succession in 6 AD because of character flaws (largely at the urging of Livia). Agrippa Julius Caesar was exiled by the Senate in 7 AD and put to death immediately after Augustus' death in 14 AD. That left Tiberius as Augustus' sole heir. In 6 AD Tiberius left the Rhine region to restore order in Pannonia and Illyricum. The year 9 AD brought one of the greatest military disasters in all of Roman history with the destruction in Germany of the legions under Publius Quinctilius Varus. Varus and three legions (perhaps 18,000 legionaries) were ambushed by the Germans under Arminius in the Saltus Teutoburgiensis (Teutoburg Forest, Germany) and virtually annihilated to the last man. The defeat threw Rome into a panic, but the Germans had no intention of following up their victory. However, the Roman ambition to extend the borders far into Germany were abandoned for all time, and the opportunity to colonize and thus "civilize" the region (in the fashion of Gaul) was lost for all time. Had Germany been colonized and the Germanic tribes "Romanized" the future of the Empire in the west probably would have been much different (and longer!). Tiberius was immediately recalled to Germany to restore order. The Varian disaster affected Augustus greatly, and some say he was never the same afterward. He is said on occasion to have wandered the halls exclaiming "Quinctilius Varus, give me back my legions!" The seventy-five-year-old Augustus must have clearly sensed his declining health (which had never been good) in 13 AD because he deposited his will and other papers with the Vestal Virgins and Tiberius was given constitutional powers equal to his, although again Augustus was clearly in control due to "auctoritas". Yet the succession was once again clear to all. Even though the office was truly not Augustus' to give, he had maneuvered his candidate into a position from which Tiberius would inevitably succeed him. Augustus finally peacefully died on August 19, 14 AD on a family property at Nola in Campania, south of Rome. He was buried beside the Tiber River in a mausoleum which he had constructed in 28 BC, known simply as the Mausoleum of Augustus. That structure had first received the body of Marcellus in 23 BC, and continued to be the Imperial burial place through the time of Nerva (q.v.), over 100 years later. An extensive commemorative coinage was struck in his honor under Tiberius and Caligula. Titus (q.v.), Domitian (q.v.), and Nerva (q.v.) issued restorations of his coinage, and Augustus was honored as late as 250 AD by Trajan Decius (q.v.), who included him (along with 10 other Emperors) in Decius' famous series of "DIVI" antoniniani. (text courtesy of Moneta - The Roman Imperial Coinage Program) Bidding Bidding is closed for this item. If you're the seller or the high bidder - now what? 1. Contact each other. The seller (joviel@aol.com) and the high bidder (fawkesfire@earthlink.net) should contact each other within three business days to discuss payment and shipping details. 2. Leave feedback for the other party once the the seller has received the payment and the winning bidder has received the item. 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